Tulip Season in Amsterdam 2025

Tulip Season in Amsterdam 2025 guarantees a vibrant spectacle of coloration and tradition. Think about strolling by means of fields bursting with thousands and thousands of tulips in a kaleidoscope of hues, from basic reds and yellows to uncommon purples and blacks. This era affords extra than simply breathtaking floral shows; it is an opportunity to immerse oneself in Amsterdam’s wealthy historical past, vibrant occasions, and the financial pulse fueled by this beloved annual custom.

This exploration delves into the varieties, occasions, practicalities, and cultural significance of this unforgettable expertise.

From the meticulous cultivation strategies employed by native growers to the financial impression on town, we’ll study each side of Amsterdam’s tulip season. We’ll additionally present important suggestions for planning your go to, guaranteeing you profit from this outstanding occasion, whether or not you are a seasoned traveler or a first-time customer.

Tulip Varieties in Amsterdam 2025

Amsterdam’s tulip season in 2025 guarantees a vibrant show of colours and kinds, showcasing the unimaginable range inside theTulipa* genus. Whereas predicting the precise recognition of particular varieties is tough, we will anticipate some constant favorites and thrilling newcomers primarily based on present traits and previous efficiency. The climate circumstances in the course of the rising season will, in fact, play a major function within the ultimate bloom.

The Netherlands boasts an in depth assortment of tulip cultivars, with hundreds of registered varieties. Many elements affect the recognition of a selected tulip, together with its coloration, form, measurement, scent, and general aesthetic attraction. Moreover, advertising and marketing and traits inside the floral trade additionally contribute to which varieties achieve prominence.

Widespread Tulip Varieties Anticipated in 2025

The most well-liked tulip varieties sometimes fall into classes primarily based on their flower form and measurement. We are able to count on to see a continued sturdy exhibiting of basic varieties alongside newer introductions with distinctive traits. For instance, the elegant, cup-shaped ‘Queen of the Night time’ with its deep purple hue stays a perennial favourite. Concurrently, newer varieties exhibiting uncommon petal formations or placing coloration mixtures are prone to seize consideration.

Comparability of Tulip Varieties

5 distinct tulip varieties provide a very good illustration of the range inside this flower household:

  • ‘Queen of the Night time’: This basic selection is thought for its deep, velvety purple coloration, nearly black in look. The blooms are giant and cup-shaped, including a dramatic contact to any show.
  • ‘White Parrot’: This selection stands out with its placing, fringed petals. The white coloration contrasts superbly with the bizarre, nearly ruffled texture of the petals. Its measurement is medium to giant.
  • ‘Crimson Impression’: A vibrant purple tulip, ‘Crimson Impression’ is a robust, dependable bloomer with a basic cup form. Its wealthy, intense coloration makes it a preferred selection for bouquets and shows.
  • ‘Flaming Parrot’: In contrast to the ‘White Parrot’, this selection options brightly coloured, usually orange and purple, fringed petals. The depth of its coloration and the bizarre petal form make it fairly distinctive.
  • ‘Blue Diamond’: Whereas true blue tulips are uncommon, ‘Blue Diamond’ affords a placing purple-blue hue that’s usually described as a lavender-blue. Its cup form and medium measurement contribute to its magnificence.

Ten Distinguished Tulip Varieties in Amsterdam 2025

The next desk highlights ten distinguished tulip varieties anticipated to be showcased throughout Amsterdam’s 2025 tulip season. Be aware that bloom occasions are approximate and might differ barely relying on climate circumstances.

Selection Coloration Bloom Time (Approximate) Distinguishing Options
Queen of the Night time Deep Purple (nearly black) Mid-April Massive, cup-shaped blooms; velvety texture
White Parrot White Late April Fringed, ruffled petals; medium to giant measurement
Crimson Impression Vibrant Crimson Mid-April Basic cup form; intense coloration
Flaming Parrot Orange and Crimson Late April Fringed petals; vibrant colours
Blue Diamond Purple-Blue (Lavender-Blue) Mid-April Cup form; distinctive coloration
Purple Prince Deep Purple Early April Basic cup form; sturdy stem
Apricot Magnificence Mushy Apricot Mid-April Delicate petals; nice perfume
Yellow Flight Vibrant Yellow Early April Tall stem; a number of blooms per stem
Sweet Prince Deep Pink Mid-April Massive, cup-shaped blooms
Ice Cream Creamy White Late April Massive blooms; comfortable coloration

Amsterdam’s Tulip Season Occasions in 2025: Tulip Season In Amsterdam 2025

Amsterdam tulip holland

Amsterdam’s tulip season in 2025 guarantees to be a spectacular show of coloration and tradition, with quite a lot of occasions celebrating the long-lasting flower. These occasions provide a singular mix of conventional Dutch festivities and trendy interpretations, attracting guests from across the globe. The town shall be alive with the colourful hues of tulips, offering a backdrop for a variety of actions and celebrations.

Main Tulip-Associated Occasions in Amsterdam 2025

The next record particulars three main tulip-related occasions deliberate for Amsterdam in the course of the 2025 tulip season. Whereas particular dates are topic to affirmation nearer to the occasion, the overall timeframe and key options are Artikeld under. These occasions provide a various vary of experiences, from conventional flower parades to up to date artwork installations.

  • Bloemencorso Bollenstreek (Flower Parade): This famend parade sometimes takes place in late April. The precise date for 2025 is but to be introduced, however it normally falls on a Saturday. The parade route begins exterior of Amsterdam, within the Bollenstreek area, identified for its intensive tulip fields, and travels by means of varied cities earlier than reaching its ultimate vacation spot. Floats embellished with thousands and thousands of tulips are the central function, together with vibrant costumes and music.

    Planning a visit to witness the colourful tulip season in Amsterdam in 2025? It is a really spectacular sight. To assist coordinate your journey plans, you may discover the unc spring 2025 calendar helpful for checking potential scheduling conflicts. Bear in mind to e book flights and lodging nicely upfront to safe the very best offers to your Amsterdam tulip journey.

    This can be a basic expertise showcasing the sheer scale and fantastic thing about Dutch tulip cultivation.

  • Tulip Pageant Amsterdam: Anticipated in mid-April 2025 (particular dates to be confirmed), this competition is anticipated to remodel varied areas throughout Amsterdam right into a vibrant celebration of tulips. Areas could embrace parks, squares, and canals, every embellished with distinctive tulip shows and installations. The competition will doubtless embrace reside music performances, workshops, and alternatives to buy tulips and different associated merchandise.

    Planning a visit to witness the colourful tulip season in Amsterdam in 2025? It is a spectacle to not be missed! Whereas making these journey preparations, you may additionally need to take a look at the thrilling developments on this planet of collegiate sports activities, such because the promising penn state wrestling recruits 2025. Returning to the tulips, keep in mind to e book your flights and lodging nicely upfront to safe the very best offers for this common season.

    It’s designed to be a extra broadly accessible and family-friendly occasion in comparison with the larger-scale parade.

  • Keukenhof Gardens: Whereas not strictly an “occasion” in the identical means because the parade or competition, the Keukenhof Gardens are a must-see vacation spot throughout Amsterdam’s tulip season. Open from late March to mid-Might (actual dates differ yearly), the gardens showcase thousands and thousands of tulips, daffodils, and different spring flowers organized in breathtaking shows. 2025 will see the continuation of its conventional beautiful flower preparations and themed gardens, providing a tranquil escape and a showcase of horticultural excellence.

    Many guests select to dedicate a complete day to discover the expansive gardens.

Promotional Flyer Textual content for Amsterdam’s High Three Tulip Occasions

Expertise the magic of Amsterdam’s Tulip Season in 2025! Bloemencorso Bollenstreek (Flower Parade): Witness a wide ranging spectacle of floats adorned with thousands and thousands of tulips, vibrant costumes, and full of life music! A very unforgettable parade! [Late April – Date TBC] Tulip Pageant Amsterdam: Immerse your self in a vibrant celebration of tulips throughout Amsterdam’s iconic areas! Get pleasure from reside music, workshops, and a colourful tapestry of blooms.

[Mid-April – Date TBC] Keukenhof Gardens: Discover thousands and thousands of tulips and spring flowers in breathtaking shows inside this world-renowned backyard. A tranquil escape for flower lovers! [Late March – Mid-May – Dates TBC]Plan your journey now! Amsterdam awaits!

Visiting Amsterdam Throughout Tulip Season 2025

Planning a visit to Amsterdam throughout tulip season in 2025 guarantees a vibrant and unforgettable expertise. The town’s canals, charming streets, and world-class museums mix superbly with the spectacle of thousands and thousands of tulips in bloom. This information affords sensible info that will help you plan a clean and pleasant three-day journey.

A Three-Day Amsterdam Tulip Season Itinerary

This itinerary balances iconic Amsterdam sights with alternatives to completely immerse your self within the tulip season. It assumes arrival on Day 1 and departure on Day 3. Modify it to suit your preferences and vitality ranges.

  1. Day 1: Canal Appeal and Flower Energy. Start with a canal cruise, providing beautiful views of Amsterdam’s structure. Afterwards, go to the Bloemenmarkt, Amsterdam’s well-known floating flower market, to buy tulip bulbs or admire the colourful shows. Within the afternoon, discover the Jordaan district, identified for its charming streets, unbiased outlets, and comfy cafes. Get pleasure from a standard Dutch dinner within the night.
  2. Day 2: Keukenhof Gardens and Museum Hopping. Dedicate today to Keukenhof Gardens, a spectacular show of thousands and thousands of tulips and different spring blooms. Permit ample time to discover the assorted themed gardens and benefit from the breathtaking surroundings. Within the afternoon, return to Amsterdam and select a museum primarily based in your pursuits – the Rijksmuseum (Dutch Masters), the Van Gogh Museum, or the Anne Frank Home are common selections.

  3. Day 3: Native Markets and Departure. Begin your day on the Albert Cuyp Market, a bustling out of doors market providing a big selection of products, from contemporary produce to clothes and souvenirs. Get pleasure from a ultimate stroll by means of a neighborhood you have not explored but, maybe the De Pijp district, identified for its multicultural ambiance and Albert Cuyp Market. Relying in your flight schedule, squeeze in a single final canal-side espresso earlier than heading to the airport.

Sensible Suggestions for Vacationers

Cautious planning enhances your tulip season expertise.

Transportation: Amsterdam boasts wonderful public transport. The GVB (Gemeentelijk Vervoerbedrijf) operates trams, buses, and metros. Think about buying a day or multi-day journey cross for cost-effectiveness. For Keukenhof, test bus connections from Amsterdam or contemplate a guided tour with transportation included. Biking is a well-liked Amsterdam exercise, however be aware of town’s site visitors.

Lodging: Guide lodging nicely upfront, particularly if touring throughout peak season (late March to mid-April). Choices vary from budget-friendly hostels to luxurious lodges. Think about areas close to central sights for straightforward entry to sights and public transport.

Crowds: Anticipate giant crowds, significantly at Keukenhof Gardens and common vacationer sights. Arrive early within the day or contemplate visiting throughout weekdays to reduce wait occasions. Reserving tickets on-line upfront is very beneficial to keep away from lengthy queues.

Optimum Visiting Instances for Tulip Season

The most effective time to go to Amsterdam for optimum tulip viewing is throughout peak bloom, sometimes from late March to mid-April. Nonetheless, the precise dates differ relying on the climate. To keep away from the most important crowds, contemplate visiting in the course of the weekdays or barely earlier or later within the season when the crowds are smaller, however the tulips might not be at their absolute peak bloom in all areas.

Checking climate forecasts and bloom reviews nearer to your journey dates is advisable.

The Financial Impression of Tulip Season on Amsterdam

Tulip season in amsterdam 2025

Tulip season considerably boosts Amsterdam’s economic system, remodeling town right into a vibrant hub of tourism and commerce. The inflow of holiday makers throughout this era generates substantial income for varied sectors, impacting not solely giant companies but in addition small, native companies. This financial contribution is substantial and warrants a better examination of its varied aspects.The financial contributions of tulip season to Amsterdam’s tourism trade are multifaceted.

The obvious impression is the surge in vacationer numbers. Tens of millions of holiday makers flock to Amsterdam every spring to witness the spectacular shows of tulips in bloom, filling lodges, eating places, and sights. This inflow generates substantial income by means of lodging charges, restaurant payments, and purchases of souvenirs and different items. Moreover, the season extends past easy sightseeing, attracting vacationers focused on horticulture, images, and biking excursions by means of the flower fields.

These actions additional stimulate the native economic system.

Tourism Income Era Throughout Tulip Season

The elevated vacationer site visitors throughout tulip season straight interprets into vital income technology for Amsterdam’s tourism trade. Inns expertise excessive occupancy charges, commanding premium costs because of excessive demand. Eating places and cafes see a pointy improve in patronage, boosting their gross sales and income. Native outlets and markets profit from the elevated foot site visitors, promoting tulip-related souvenirs, handcrafted gadgets, and different items.

Transportation companies, together with public transport and tour operators, additionally expertise a surge in demand, additional contributing to the general financial impression. For instance, the Keukenhof Gardens, a significant attraction throughout tulip season, sees thousands and thousands of holiday makers yearly, producing thousands and thousands of euros in income for the park and surrounding companies. This income then trickles all the way down to native companies by means of elevated employment and provide chain actions.

Planning a visit to witness the colourful tulip season in Amsterdam in 2025? It is a spectacular sight, however when you’re additionally a firearms fanatic, you may need to test when is shot show 2025 to keep away from scheduling conflicts. In spite of everything, you would not need to miss both occasion! Maybe coordinating your Amsterdam journey across the Shot Present dates could be a sensible transfer.

Benefit from the tulips!

Native Enterprise Advantages from Tulip Season Tourism

Native companies in Amsterdam profit considerably from the elevated vacationer exercise throughout tulip season. Small outlets and boutiques, significantly these promoting Dutch crafts, souvenirs, and tulip-related merchandise, expertise a substantial improve in gross sales. Eating places and cafes cater to the elevated demand by extending their working hours and using extra workers. Even seemingly unrelated companies, equivalent to bicycle rental outlets and tour operators, expertise a lift in income as vacationers make the most of their companies to discover town and the encompassing flower fields.

This financial ripple impact is essential for the sustainability and development of many small and medium-sized enterprises in Amsterdam. A neighborhood flower store, as an example, may see a tenfold improve in gross sales throughout peak tulip season in comparison with different occasions of the 12 months.

Comparability to One other Main Vacationer Season

Whereas tulip season is a major financial driver, it is essential to match its impression to a different main vacationer season in Amsterdam, such because the summer season months. Whereas summer season tourism usually generates increased general income because of an extended period and broader vary of actions, tulip season affords a concentrated interval of excessive spending and income technology. The depth of vacationer spending throughout tulip season may exceed the common every day spending throughout summer season months, though the overall income generated over the whole summer season interval would doubtless be increased.

This distinction highlights the distinctive financial worth proposition of tulip season: a concentrated interval of intense financial exercise, creating a major enhance for particular sectors of Amsterdam’s economic system. For instance, whereas summer season sees increased general tourism, the focus of holiday makers particularly focused on tulips in the course of the spring considerably impacts companies straight associated to flower cultivation and commerce.

Planning a visit to witness the colourful tulip season in Amsterdam in 2025? It is a spectacular sight, and when you’re making preparations, you may marvel in regards to the broader political panorama; it is value checking who was president in 2025 to achieve some context for the time interval. Understanding the president then may add one other layer of curiosity to your Amsterdam tulip expertise.

Tulip Cultivation and Sustainability in Amsterdam

Tulip season in amsterdam 2025

Amsterdam’s tulip trade, famend globally, is present process a major shift in direction of sustainable practices. Balancing the financial calls for of this iconic flower with environmental duty is essential for the long-term well being of the trade and the preservation of Amsterdam’s pure magnificence. This includes a multifaceted strategy encompassing cultivation strategies and useful resource administration.

Planning a visit to witness the colourful tulip season in Amsterdam in 2025? It is a spectacular sight, however keep in mind to plan forward! Whilst you’re organizing your itinerary, you may additionally need to take a look at the discharge of king of the hill 2025 , for some stress-free downtime after a day of exploring the flower fields. Again to tulips, do not forget to e book your lodging nicely upfront to safe the very best offers to your Amsterdam tulip journey.

Conventional tulip cultivation in and round Amsterdam closely depends on bulb manufacturing. Farmers fastidiously choose and plant bulbs within the autumn, permitting them to root and develop over the winter. The method includes meticulous soil preparation, usually together with using fertilizers and pesticides, though that is altering quickly with the adoption of extra sustainable methods. In the course of the rising season, the fields are fastidiously managed, with irrigation methods used to make sure optimum moisture ranges and weed management carried out to maximise yields.

Harvesting happens in the summertime, with bulbs being fastidiously dug up, cleaned, and ready for storage or sale. The flowers themselves are harvested for the reduce flower market, contributing considerably to town’s economic system.

Sustainable Cultivation Strategies in Amsterdam’s Tulip Business, Tulip season in amsterdam 2025

Amsterdam’s tulip growers are more and more adopting sustainable practices to reduce the environmental footprint of their operations. These strategies deal with lowering water consumption, minimizing pesticide and fertilizer use, and selling biodiversity. The transition to sustainable agriculture will not be with out its challenges, nevertheless, requiring vital funding and adaptation from growers.

Apply Profit Problem
Built-in Pest Administration (IPM) Reduces reliance on chemical pesticides, defending helpful bugs and lowering water air pollution. Requires detailed information of pest life cycles and efficient organic management strategies; preliminary funding in coaching and various pest management methods.
Precision Irrigation Optimizes water use, lowering water stress on crops and minimizing water waste. This could result in vital water financial savings, significantly in drier intervals. Requires funding in specialised irrigation tools and monitoring methods; necessitates exact understanding of soil moisture ranges and plant water necessities.
Natural Fertilizers Improves soil well being, reduces reliance on artificial fertilizers, and minimizes nutrient runoff into waterways. This contributes to more healthy soil ecosystems and biodiversity. May be costlier than artificial fertilizers; could require extra frequent software and cautious soil administration to attain optimum outcomes.
Crop Rotation Reduces pest and illness stress, improves soil fertility, and enhances biodiversity inside the farming system. Requires cautious planning and administration of various crops; could briefly scale back yields for some crops within the rotation.
Cowl Cropping Improves soil construction, reduces erosion, suppresses weeds, and gives habitat for helpful bugs. Requires extra administration and planning; could compete with the primary crop for sources.

The Historical past and Cultural Significance of Tulips in Amsterdam

The story of tulips in Amsterdam is deeply intertwined with town’s historical past, shaping its tradition, economic system, and creative expression for hundreds of years. From their comparatively late arrival to their function in a spectacular financial bubble, tulips have grow to be indelibly linked to Amsterdam’s identification, a logo of magnificence, wealth, and even folly.The introduction of tulips to the Netherlands, and Amsterdam particularly, occurred within the late sixteenth century, arriving from the Ottoman Empire by way of Vienna and Antwerp.

Initially cultivated by botanists and rich patrons, tulips shortly captivated the Dutch with their vibrant colours and distinctive kinds. Their recognition exploded within the early seventeenth century, resulting in a interval of unprecedented hypothesis and funding often known as “Tulip Mania.”

The Tulip Mania and its Impression

Tulip Mania, a interval of frenzied hypothesis between 1634 and 1637, noticed the value of uncommon tulip bulbs skyrocket to extraordinary ranges. Single bulbs of exceptionally uncommon varieties commanded costs equal to total homes. This speculative bubble in the end burst, inflicting vital financial disruption. Nonetheless, even after the crash, the tulip remained deeply embedded in Dutch tradition and its affiliation with wealth and sweetness persevered.

The mania itself turned a legendary story, a cautionary narrative in regards to the risks of speculative markets, but concurrently highlighting the enduring attract of the tulip. The occasion considerably formed Amsterdam’s financial panorama and continues to be studied by economists and historians at present. Examples of exceptionally excessive costs included the ‘Semper Augustus’ bulb, which reportedly traded for the equal of a big Amsterdam canal home.

Tulips in Dutch Artwork and Symbolism

The tulip’s magnificence and symbolic energy discovered vital expression in Dutch Golden Age portray. Masters like Jan van Huysum and Ambrosius Bosschaert the Elder meticulously depicted tulips of their still-life work, showcasing their vibrant hues and delicate kinds. These work weren’t merely botanical illustrations; they conveyed a way of opulence, reflecting the social standing and refined style of their patrons.

The tulip incessantly symbolized fleeting magnificence, prosperity, and the ephemeral nature of life, themes that resonated deeply with the Dutch creative sensibility. Think about, as an example, Van Huysum’s detailed depictions, the place the right type and coloration of the tulip are offered alongside different luxurious objects, underscoring its worth and affiliation with wealth.

The Enduring Legacy of Tulips in Amsterdam’s Id

Immediately, the tulip stays an integral a part of Amsterdam’s identification. From the colourful shows in Keukenhof Gardens, simply exterior town, to the numerous tulips that adorn canals and parks inside Amsterdam itself, the flower is a continuing visible reminder of town’s historical past and enduring connection to this iconic bloom. The annual tulip season is a significant vacationer attraction, drawing guests from across the globe who come to witness the breathtaking spectacle of thousands and thousands of tulips in full bloom.

Moreover, the tulip’s picture seems on numerous souvenirs, from postcards to Delftware, reinforcing its function as a robust image of Amsterdam. The town’s continued cultivation and celebration of tulips show its lasting cultural significance, a testomony to the enduring attraction of this flower that when fueled a nationwide obsession.

Images Alternatives Throughout Tulip Season

Amsterdam’s tulip season affords unparalleled photographic alternatives, remodeling town right into a vibrant canvas of coloration and texture. The sheer abundance of tulips, mixed with Amsterdam’s picturesque canals and structure, creates a backdrop for really beautiful pictures. Cautious consideration of location, lighting, and composition will guarantee your images seize the magic of this fleeting spectacle.

Preferrred Areas for Tulip Images

A number of areas inside Amsterdam present distinctive settings for capturing the fantastic thing about tulips. These areas provide various backdrops, permitting for a variety of photographic kinds and compositions.

  • Keukenhof Gardens: Positioned simply exterior Amsterdam, Keukenhof is a world-renowned tulip backyard boasting thousands and thousands of tulips in meticulously organized shows. The sheer scale and selection present infinite photographic potentialities, from sweeping panoramic pictures to detailed close-ups of particular person blooms.
  • Vondelpark: Amsterdam’s largest park usually options tulip shows built-in into its panorama. The park affords a extra pure setting, contrasting the colourful tulips with the greenery and pathways, permitting for candid and fewer formal compositions.
  • Bloemenmarkt: The floating flower market gives a singular city setting. Whereas not solely devoted to tulips, the market’s vibrant ambiance and colourful shows provide alternatives to seize tulips alongside different flowers and the bustling canal-side exercise.
  • Canal Ring: The picturesque canals, lined with charming homes and bridges, provide a basic Amsterdam backdrop. Capturing tulips in entrance of those iconic buildings creates a memorable mix of city structure and floral magnificence.
  • Amsterdam Botanic Gardens: This backyard affords a extra structured and curated atmosphere for tulip images. The gardens usually function themed shows and provide a quieter, extra intimate setting in comparison with the bustling Keukenhof.

Optimum Lighting and Images Methods

The standard of sunshine considerably impacts the ultimate {photograph}. The “golden hour,” the interval shortly after dawn and earlier than sundown, gives comfortable, heat mild very best for highlighting the fragile colours and textures of tulips. Keep away from harsh noon solar, which may wash out colours and create harsh shadows. Utilizing a tripod may also help preserve sharpness, significantly in low-light circumstances.

Experiment with completely different apertures to regulate depth of area, blurring the background to emphasise the tulips or retaining the whole lot sharp for an in depth picture. Think about using a polarizing filter to cut back glare and improve coloration saturation.

Examples of Photographic Compositions

5 completely different compositions illustrate the flexibility of tulip images in Amsterdam.

  • Shut-up: An in depth shot specializing in the intricate particulars of a single tulip, highlighting its petals, texture, and coloration. The background is softly blurred, drawing consideration to the flower’s magnificence.
  • Symmetrical Composition: {A photograph} that includes a symmetrical association of tulips, maybe mirrored in a canal or organized in a proper backyard mattress. The symmetry creates a visually pleasing and balanced picture.
  • Main Traces: Using pathways, canals, or rows of tulips to guide the viewer’s eye in direction of the primary topic. This method provides depth and visible curiosity to the picture.
  • Rule of Thirds: Positioning the tulips off-center, following the rule of thirds, creates a extra dynamic and interesting composition than centering the topic.
  • City Panorama: Incorporating tulips right into a broader panorama view, showcasing the distinction between the colourful flowers and the city backdrop of Amsterdam’s canals and structure. This creates a singular perspective that mixes the pure fantastic thing about the tulips with town’s character.

Leave a Comment

Your email address will not be published. Required fields are marked *

Scroll to Top
close
close